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Television in Poland

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Television in Poland was introduced on an experimental basis in 1937. It was state owned, and was interrupted by the Second World War in 1939. Television returned to Poland in 1952 and for several decades was controlled by the communist government. Colour television was introduced in Poland in 1971. Private television stations in Poland appeared around the time of the fall of communism, with PTV Echo (once a member of the local channels of Polonia 1) becoming the first private station in Poland (and in the former Eastern Bloc).

Terrestrial

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Terrestrial television in Poland broadcasts using a digital DVB-T system. First test DVB-T emission was carried out in Warsaw on 9 November 2001. In April 2004, first DVB-T transmitter near Rzeszów started operation and local TVP division started to market set-top boxes allowing to receive it. As of July 2016, there are about 250 DVB-T transmitters operating in Poland, broadcasting up to three multiplexes (except local stations),[1] all using MPEG-4 AVC compression. Majority of channels are available in HD across all the Poland after DVB-T2/HEVC switchover has finished in June 2022, while channels from MUX8 (Metro, Zoom TV, Nowa TV, WP, ViDoc TV, Republika and wPolsce24) are available only in SD, although Nowa TV and Republika broadcast in HD in some local multiplexes. Analog terrestrial transmissions were terminated in 2013. First efforts to introduce DVB-T in Poland was made in 1997 in Gdańsk on initiative of TVP (Polish public television broadcaster). In the spring of 2022, the terrestrial TV broadcasting standard was changed across the country to the newer and more effective DVB-T2/HEVC standard, where HEVC (or H.265) is a new standard for TV signal compression. Switching to the new DVB-T2/HEVC terrestrial TV broadcasting standard was carried out in the period from March to June 2022. However, the changes did not cover MUX3, which belongs as a whole to TVP. Decision by Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej [pl] requested by the Minister of Interior Affairs and Administration, argumented by the Russian invasion of Ukraine, allowed to delay the switch until the end of 2023.[2]

Allocation

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At 2006 conference in Geneva known as GE06 Poland received eight DVB-T multiplexes—seven at UHF frequencies 470–862 MHz (channels 21–69) and one at VHF frequency 174–230 MHz (channels 6–12). Since some of these frequencies are currently used for analog PAL terrestrial television broadcasting, it is possible to run only two nationwide multiplexes (MUX1, MUX2) and one (MUX3) which covers part of country (58% of population). Introduction of all multiplexes will be possible after switching off analog broadcasting.

A government document entitled "Country digitalization schedule", dated January 2009, set out plan for the digital broadcast switch-on to be made in three steps and analog broadcast switch-off in six steps.

First regular digital broadcast started on 30 September 2010. Analog broadcast switch-off started on 7 November 2012 and the transition to digital broadcasting finished on 23 July 2013.

The period of time between digital broadcast switch-on and analog broadcast switch-off will allow people time to buy new integrated Digital TVs or set-top boxes.

Current status

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  • MUX1 covers 98.8% of population;
  • MUX2 covers more than 98.8% of population;
  • MUX3 covers 99.5% of population;
  • MUX6 covers more than 90% of population;
  • MUX8 covers 97.4% of population.

Analog shutdown

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The shutdown of analog broadcast took place in 7 steps between 7 November 2012 and 23 July 2013.

Most operators of analog cable TV are planning to continue providing analog service in their networks for an unspecified period of time.

Additional government actions

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The Polish government created Informative campaigns regarding analog broadcast switch-off in mass media. The government also requires electronic equipment sellers to inform buyers that MPEG-2 TVs and STBs are not compatible with the national standard which is currently DVB-T2 HEVC QAM256 .

The Polish government provides financial help for poor families and seniors to buy a TV - 250 PLN or STB – 100 PLN per household, totaling 475 million PLN.[3]

Technical information

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Polish digital terrestrial television broadcast uses the basic parameters of a digital receiver defined in ETSI TS 101 154 for level 4.1 HDTV: 50 Hz HEVC HDTV 8-bit (resolutions 1920 x 1080 p50, 1280 x 720 p50) MPEG-2 Audio Layer 2 and E-AC -3 audios. In the case of a TV receiver capable of displaying UHD, the DVB-T2 receiver also supports the format specified in ETSI TS 101 154 in point 5.14 HEVC HDR UHDTV IRD using HLG10 and HEVC HDR UHDTV IRD using PQ10, Main 10 Profile, Main Tier for UHDTV with resolution 3840 x 2160 and AC-4 audio.

Assignment of channels in multiplexes

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Plan from January 2009 included three nationwide multiplexes with seven SDTV channels in each:

  • MUX1 – Free-to-air commercial channels (Polsat, TVN, TV4, TV Puls); after analog broadcast switch-off MUX3 covered the entire country population and public channels moved to it; there was competition for three freed channels;
  • MUX2 – open competition
  • MUX3 – Public channels; after analog switch-off MUX3 will cover all country population and public channels will be moved to it from MUX1; there will be competition for three freed channels in MUX1.

In January 2010 new plan on introducing DVB-T was presented. Assignment of multiplexes was changed:

  • MUX1 – public broadcaster channels (including TVP1, TVP2 and TVP Info)
  • MUX2 – Commercial free-to-air channels (Polsat, TVN, TV4, TV Puls) plus one additional from each broadcaster.

In June 2010 the final decision on the allocation of multiplexes was made:

MUX1

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MUX1
Channel Owner Type Position (LCN)
Eska TV Polsat Plus Group (earlier ZPR Media Group) Music/Entertainment 12
TTV Stavka (TVN Warner Bros. Discovery) General/Social-intervention 13
Polo TV Polsat Plus Group (earlier ZPR Media Group) Music/Entertainment 14
Antena HD MWE Networks General 15
TV Trwam Lux Veritatis Foundation Religious 16
Stopklatka TV Canal+ Polska Movies 17
Fokus TV Polsat Plus Group (earlier ZPR Media Group) General/Documentaries 18
Wydarzenia 24 Polsat Plus Group News 49

MUX2

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MUX2
Channel Owner Type Position (LCN)
Polsat Polsat Plus Group General 4
TVN TVN Warner Bros. Discovery General 5
TV4 Polsat Plus Group (earlier Polskie Media) General 6
TV Puls Telewizja Puls General 7
TVN7 TVN Warner Bros. Discovery General/Entertainment 8
Puls 2 Telewizja Puls General/Entertainment 9
TV6 Polsat Plus Group (earlier Polskie Media) General/Entertainment 10
Super Polsat Polsat Plus Group General/Entertainment 11

MUX3

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MUX3
Channel Owner Type Position (LCN)
TVP1 Telewizja Polska General 1
TVP2 Telewizja Polska General 2
TVP3[4] Telewizja Polska Regional 3
TVP ABC Telewizja Polska Children 29
TVP Kultura Telewizja Polska Culture 30
TVP Historia Telewizja Polska Historical 31
TVP Sport Telewizja Polska Sport 32
TVP Info Telewizja Polska News 34
TVP GO[5] Telewizja Polska Interactive (HbbTV) 88
TVP World[6] Telewizja Polska International (HbbTV) 91
TVP ABC 2[6] Telewizja Polska Children (HbbTV) 92
TVP Historia 2[6] Telewizja Polska Historical (HbbTV) 93
TVP Kultura 2[6] Telewizja Polska Cultural (HbbTV) 94

MUX6

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MUX6
Channel Owner Type Position (LCN)
TVP Polonia Telewizja Polska Worldwide 19
TVP Nauka Telewizja Polska Popular science 20
TVP Dokument Telewizja Polska Documentaries 24
TVP Rozrywka Telewizja Polska Entertainment 27
Alfa TVP Telewizja Polska Children 28
TVP World Telewizja Polska International 33
TVP Kobieta Telewizja Polska Lifestyle 35
Belsat Telewizja Polska General 36

MUX8 (DVB-T, MPEG-4)

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MUX8
Channel Owner Type Position (LCN)
Metro TVN Warner Bros. Discovery General/Lifestyle 38
Zoom TV[7] Canal+ Polska General/Local issues 39
Nowa TV Polsat Plus Group (earlier ZPR Media Group) General 40
WP Wirtualna Polska Holding General/Interactive 41
ViDoc TV Red Carpet Media Group Film/Documentary 50
Republika Telewizja Republika News 51
wPolsce24 Fratria News 52
CDA Premium CDA SA Interactive (HbbTV) 86
Sklep Kapitan.pl CDA SA Online shop (HbbTV) 87
Legia TV Legia Warsaw Sport (HbbTV) 89
EWTN GO EWTN Religious (HbbTV) 90
Pershyi Suspilne General (HbbTV) 95
test5 Emitel N/A (black screen) (HbbTV) 96
test6 Emitel N/A (black screen) (HbbTV) 97
EmiRadio Emitel Interactive (HbbTV) 98
EmiTV Emitel Interactive (HbbTV) 99

MUX4 Polsat Box "Sport i informacje" ("Sports & information" Pay TV package)

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Polsat Box "Sport i informacje" ("Sports & information" Pay TV package)[8]
Channel Owner Type Position (LCN)
Polsat Sport 1 Polsat Plus Group Sport 110
Polsat Sport 2 Polsat Plus Group Sport 111
Eurosport 1 TVN Warner Bros. Discovery Sport 112
Eurosport 2 TVN Warner Bros. Discovery Sport 113
Eleven Sports 1 Polsat Plus Group Sport 114
Eleven Sports 2 Polsat Plus Group Sport 115
TVN Turbo TVN Warner Bros. Discovery Lifestyle 116
TVN Style TVN Warner Bros. Discovery Lifestyle 117
Polsat News Polityka[9] Polsat Plus Group News 118
Polsat News Polsat Plus Group News 119
TVN24 TVN Warner Bros. Discovery News 120
Polsat promo HbbTV[9] Polsat Plus Group Interactive (HbbTV) 333

MUX-L1 (Lubań/Jelenia Góra/Bolesławiec/Chojnów)

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MUX-L1
Channel Owner Type
Junior Channel MWE Networks Children
Szlagier TV MWE Networks Schlager music
TVC Super MWE Networks General
Filmax HD MWE Networks Movies
Pogoda24.TV MWE Networks News
Home TV MWE Networks Lifestyle
Echo24 HD MWE Networks Regional
Stars.TV JBD S.A. Music
TV Dami / TV Bolesławiec N/A Regional
TVT Zgorzelec Telewizja Regionalna TVT Regional
Republika Telewizja Republika General
TVC MWE Networks General
TVS TVS Sp. z.o.o. Regional

MUX-L2 (Ornontowice/Rybnik)

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MUX-L2
Channel Owner Type
TVT Telewizja TVT Sp. z o.o. Regional
TVS TVS Sp. z.o.o. Regional
Republika Telewizja Republika News
TV Republika Plus Telewizja Republika General
Stars.TV JBD S.A. Music
Nowa TV Polsat Group General
Kabaret TV SD Wirtualna Polska Holding Cabaret
TV Okazje SD TVO (Polsat Plus Group) Teleshopping
Dolce Vita TV[10] Dolce Vita TV Sp. z o. o. Lifestyle

MUX-L3 (Częstochowa/Kamieńsk/Tomaszów Mazowiecki)

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MUX-L3
Channel Owner Type
Junior Channel MWE Networks Children
Szlagier TV MWE Networks Schlager music
TVC MWE Networks General
TVC Super MWE Networks General
Pogoda24.TV MWE Networks News
Home TV MWE Networks Lifestyle
Filmax MWE Networks Movies
Stars.TV JBD S.A. Music
Republika Telewizja Republika General
TVS TVS Sp. z.o.o. Regional

MUX-L4 (Świdnica/Wrocław) (DVB-T, MPEG-4)

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MUX-L4
Channel Owner Type
Junior Channel MWE Networks Children
Szlagier TV MWE Networks Schlager music
Filmax MWE Networks Movies
Home TV MWE Networks Lifestyle
TVC Super MWE Networks General
Stars.TV JBD S.A. Music
Pogoda24.TV MWE Networks News
Polsat HD Polsat Plus Group General
Echo24 HD MWE Networks Regional
Republika Telewizja Republika General
TVS TVS Sp. z.o.o. Regional

MUX-L7 (Lubin/Głogów) (DVB-T, MPEG-4)

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MUX-L7
Channel Owner Type
TV Regionalna SD TVL Sp. z o.o. (programme producer) / GIA DINH Foundation (concessionaire) Regional
Nowa TV Polsat Plus Group General
Republika Telewizja Republika General
EWTN Eternal World Television Network Inc. Religious
TV Okazje TVO (Polsat Plus Group) Teleshopping
Polsat Polsat Plus Group General

LRT local multiplex (Suwałki) (DVB-T, MPEG-4)

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LRT local MUX
Channel Owner Type
LRT Lituanica SD LRT General

Satellite

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In 1998, two DVB-S providers, Cyfra+ and Wizja TV started operation. In 2001, Wizja TV was merged into Cyfra+.

1999 saw the introduction of another platform, Polsat 2 Cyfrowy (later renamed to Polsat Cyfrowy, Cyfrowy Polsat and finally Polsat Box), owned by Polsat, a major Polish commercial TV network[citation needed]. These platforms become very popular, and today, there are no Polish channels available on analogue satellite (the last one, TVN, was switched off in 2008). However, most of the satellite broadcasts in Poland are in SDTV resolution.

On 12 October 2006, ITI launched the n platform with a few HD channels available, as well as—also new to Poland—video on demand functionality. Later, in December 2006, Cyfra+ also started HD broadcasts. Cyfrowy Polsat started HD broadcasts in second half of 2007.

On 21 March 2013, as part of deeper cooperation between Canal+ Group and ITI, Cyfra+ and N were merged into NC+.

On 3 September 2019 NC+ has changed name to Platforma Canal+.

Other technologies

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Several TV channels, as well as video on demand, are available in Polish mobile telephony networks. There are no currently operating dedicated mobile TV transmitters.

There are also OTT TV service providers.

Digital platforms in Poland

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Name Type Subscribers Number of channels HD channels 3D channel VOD
Polsat Box Digital platform 5,700,000[11] 0 0 0
  • ipla
  • HBO OD
  • HBO GO
  • PPV/VOD
  • Deezer
  • Primeserial
Canal+ Digital platform 2,119,000[12] 175 92 0
  • nc+ GO
  • TVP Prapiemiery
  • Canal+ VOD
  • Seriale+
  • TVN Player
  • Baby TV OD
  • Poznaj nc+
  • Smaczki OD
  • Sport+
Orange TV Digital platform 875,000[13] 99 40 0
  • Seriale+
  • Wideo na życzenie
  • Prapremiery TVP
  • PictureBox
  • TV na życzenie
  • Telewizja Tu i Tam
UPC Polska Cable 1,434,600 201 50 0
  • Premiery
  • Hity
  • HD
  • TVP na żądanie
  • TVN na żądanie
  • Filmbox On Demand
  • Disney Channel na żądanie
  • Cartoon Network na żądanie
  • HBO OD
  • National Geographic na żądanie
  • Xotix
  • Discovery On Demand
  • Sundance na żądanie
  • Canal+ na żądanie
Vectra Cable 970,933[14] 204 52 0
  • BBC na żądanie
  • HBO On Demand
  • Discovery On Demand
  • Disney Channel na żądanie
  • HBO GO
  • GO ON
Multimedia Polska Cable 825,000 171 41 0
Inea Cable 182,000 190 52 0
  • Canal+ na życzenie
  • Ale Kino+ na życzenie
  • HBO On Demand
  • Planete+ na życzenie
  • TeleToon+ na życzenie
  • Duck TV na życzenie
  • Kuchnia+ na życzenie
  • Domo+ na życzenie
  • HBO GO
  • Karaoke TV
TOYA Cable 160,000 52 0
  • Przedpremiery TVP
  • Fyre TV
  • TVP na żądanie
  • Canal+ na życzenie
  • Ale Kino+ na życzenie
  • HBO On Demand
  • Sundance Channel na żądanie
  • Romance TV na życzenie
  • Planete+ na życzenie
  • Discovery On Demand
  • Animal Planet On Demand
  • History na życzenie
  • TV3 Polska
  • Polsat JimJam na życzenie
  • Duck TV na życzenie
  • Kuchnia+ na życzenie
  • Domo+ na życzenie
  • TLC On Demand
  • English Club TV On Demand
  • TV Toya na życzenie
  • Catch UP TVP
  • TV Toya Catch Up
  • Player
  • ipla
  • iplex
  • VOD TVP
  • TVP Parlament
  • HBO GO
  • NatGeo Play
  • Karaoke TV
  • GO ON
  • RMFon.pl
  • Eska GO
Petrus Cable 50,000 55 0 Red XN
Promax Cable 35,670 41 0
  • HBO GO
Sat Film Cable 25,000 41 0
  • HBO GO
Other Cable Cable more than 1,322,000

Television rating system in Poland

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No age restrictions for minors above 7 years old for minors above 12 years old for minors above 16 years old only for viewers above 18 years old

Viewing shares

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Top 20 Polish TV channels by Nielsen Media Research (in gray channels, which were in a given year out of the Top 20):

Channels Launched 2023[15] 2022[16] 2021[17] 2020[18] 2019[19] 2018[20][21] 2017[22]
 2016[23]
 2015[24]
 2014[25]
 2013[26]
 2012[27]
 2011[28]
 2010[29]
TVP1 01/1953 7.73 8.67 9.73 9.66 9.68 9.73 9.59 11.10 12.28 12.27 13.17 15.41 17.41 19.35
TVP2 10/1970 7.33 7.02 7.85 8.34 7.85 8.16 7.87 8.32 8.72 9.41 10.30 12.56 13.27 14.49
Polsat 12/1992 6.91 7.30 8.19 8.37 9.85 10.23 10.91 11.45 11.60 11.84 12.24 13.97 14.53
TVN 10/1997 6.85 6.90 7.49 8.45 7.37 9.38 9.87 10.37 10.65 11.68 12.54 13.93 14.95 15.21
TVN24 08/2001 5.72 5.63 4.94 5.36 4.47 4.14 4.27 3.81 3.22 2.99 3.12 3.06 3.14 3.45
TVP Info 10/2007 5.08 5.14 3.97 5.14 4.82 3.43 3.83 3.26 3.51 2.86 2.61 3.82 4.24 4.92
TV4 04/2000 2.98 2.89 3.23 3.64 3.72 4.16 4.08 3.36 3.27 2.68 2.97 2.49 2.39 2.14
TVN7 03/2002 3.16 3.07 3.60 3.45 3.21 3.24 3.29 3.30 3.53 3.54 2.53 1.79 1.63
TV Puls 03/2001 2.95 2.90 3.59 3.61 3.50 3.40 3.03 3.20 3.09 3.11 3.08 2.33 1.89 1.51
TTV 01/2012 1.73 1.76 2.07 1.16 2.24 2.14 1.78 1.60 1.45 1.30 1.02 0.31 — —
Puls 2 07/2012 1.59 1.43 1.68 1.99 1.91 1.88 1.75 1.78 1.62 1.52 1.07 0.14 — —
TVP Seriale 12/2010 1.56 1.58 1.47 1.47 1.41 1.41 1.49 1.48 1.40 1.44 1.14 0.64 0.34 —
Polsat 2 03/1997 1.34 1.35 1.45 1.47 1.54 1.52 1.47 1.52 1.45 1.68 1.79 1.37 1.32 0.88
TV6 05/2011 1.15 1.08 1.32 1.56 1.71 1.45 1.44 1.48 1.23 0.97 0.61 0.20 0.04 —
TVP ABC 02/2014 — — — 1.02 1.23 1.39 1.18 0.92 0.70 0.49 — — — —
Polsat News 06/2008 1.76 1.97 1.76 2.03 1.13 1.12 1.14 1.11 1.08 1.08 1.04 0.90 0.81 0.62
TVP Rozrywka 04/2013 — — — 0.50 0.49 0.46 (August) 0.99 1.09 1.14 0.93 0.48 — — —
Stopklatka TV 03/2014 1.14 1.12 1.30 1.17 1.12 0.98 0.94 1.00 0.88 0.60 — — — —
TVP3 09/2013 0.97 0.91 1.00 1.10 1.02 0.98 0.94 0.97 1.05 1.09 0.36 — — —
Fokus TV 04/2014 0.83 1.07 1.26 1.14 0.93 0.96 0.80 0.81 0.69 0.31 — — — —
TOP4 of Polish TV channels from 1997 by Nielsen Media Research
Audience ratings of TV channels above 2% in Poland since 1997 by Nielsen Media Research
(TVP Info in 1994-2007 as TVP3 Regionalna, TV4 in 1998-2000 as Nasza TV, TVN7 in 1996-2002 as RTL7)

Top 10 most watched TV broadcasts in Poland from 1998 according to Nielsen Media Research:[30][31][32][33][34][35][36]

Program Date Channel Number of viewers Share
1 Funeral of Pope John Paul II 8 April 2005 TVP1, TVP2, TVP3, Polsat, TVN, TVN24 and others Over 21,400,000 Almost 90%
2 UEFA Euro 2016: Poland vs Portugal (quarter-final) 30 June 2016 TVP1, Polsat, Polsat Sport 15,974,822 86.57%
3 UEFA Euro 2012: Poland vs Russia (group stage) 12 June 2012 TVP1, TVP Sport, TVP HD 14,683,216 81.51%
4 UEFA Euro 2016: Germany vs Poland (group stage) 16 June 2016 TVP1, Polsat, Polsat Sport 14,352,012 80.89%
5 UEFA Euro 2012: Czech Republic vs Poland (group stage) 16 June 2012 TVP1, TVP Sport, TVP HD 14,070,492 81.28%
6 FIFA World Cup 2018: Poland vs Colombia (group stage) 24 June 2018 TVP1, TVP Sport 13,631,335 75.45%
7 UEFA Euro 2012: Poland vs Greece (group stage) 8 June 2012 TVP1, TVP Sport, TVP HD 13,308,343 83.78%
8 2002 Winter Olympics: Ski Jumping Men's K120 Individual
(Adam Małysz won the silver medal) 		13 February 2002 TVP1 13,259,612 75.15%
9 Funeral of Polish President Lech Kaczynski and his wife Maria 18 April 2010 TVP1, TVP2, TVP Info, Polsat, Polsat News, TVN, TVN24 and others 13,033,967 86.68%
10 UEFA Euro 2016: Ukraine vs Poland (group stage) 21 June 2016 TVP1, Polsat, Polsat Sport 12,639,308 81.67%
Shares in the television entertainemntet with a this television-polish in the world market in Poland of selected broadcasters groups in 2016 by Nielsen Media Research

Research and development

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Advanced Digital Broadcast, with the R&D headquarters based in Zielona Gora, is a Polish company, which introduced many innovations and world's first solutions in the area of Digital TV. One of the co-founders was local professor Janusz C. Szajna.[37]

See also

[edit]

References

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  1. ^ "Wykaz stacji DVB-T nadających w Polsce". RadioPolska (in Polish). Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  2. ^ "TVP zyska w MUX-3 miejsce na dwa kanały HD po przejściu na DVB-T2/HEVC". www.wirtualnemedia.pl (in Polish). 2 January 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  3. ^ "Uwagi szczegółowe Polskiej Izby Informatyki i Telekomunikacji [PIIT] do propozycji utworzenia Krajowego Funduszu Cyfrowego w ramach ustawy o wspieraniu rozwoju usług i sieci szerokopasmowych w telekomunikacji" (PDF) (in Polish). Polska Izba Informatyki i Telekomunikacji. 20 August 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  4. ^ Correct local version
  5. ^ HbbTV application
  6. ^ a b c d This channel is broadcast though Internet, meaning that it will be available once HbbTV compatible receiver will be connected to the Internet.
  7. ^ before 28 December 2025
  8. ^ From July 14, 2022
  9. ^ a b Free-to-air channel
  10. ^ from 23 December 2024
  11. ^ "Cyfrowy Polsat: 7,7 mld zł wpływów i 751 mln zł zysku w br. Więcej usług abonamentowych, mniej prepaidowych". www.wirtualnemedia.pl (in Polish). 8 November 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  12. ^ "2,1 mln abonentów platformy nc+ w 2016 roku. Przychody wzrosły o 2 proc". www.wirtualnemedia.pl (in Polish). 26 February 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  13. ^ "Mundial w 4K bez opłat już wkrótce dla klientów Orange TV". AntyWeb (in Polish). 17 May 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  14. ^ "Wyniki Vectry w 2017 roku: coraz bliżej miliona abonentów". Rzeczpospolita. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  15. ^ Kurdupski, Michał (31 December 2023). "TVP1 liderem w 2023 roku. Wzrosła przewaga TVN24 nad TVP Info". Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  16. ^ "TVP1 liderem w 2022 roku w 4+, TVN na czele w 16-49. Duże wzrosty TVN24, TVP Info i Polsat News". www.wirtualnemedia.pl (in Polish). 7 January 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
  17. ^ "TVP1 liderem w 2021 roku w 4+, TVN na czele w 16-49. „Spada średni czas jaki spędzamy przed telewizorami"". www.wirtualnemedia.pl (in Polish). 3 January 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
  18. ^ "TVP1 liderem w 2020 roku, TVN24 najchętniej oglądaną stacją tematyczną (Top 171)". 6 February 2021.
  19. ^ "W 2019 roku spadł czas oglądania telewizji, ale wzrosły wydatki reklamowe. „M jak miłość" hitem (raport)". www.wirtualnemedia.pl (in Polish). 7 January 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
  20. ^ "Krótszy czas oglądania telewizji w 2018 roku. Liderem Polsat, TVP1 i TVP2 na plusie (raport)". www.wirtualnemedia.pl (in Polish). 3 January 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  21. ^ "TVN24 i TTV liderami stacji tematycznych w sierpniu. Rosną TVP Sport i TVP ABC, tracą TVP Info i TVP Rozrywka (top 25)". www.wirtualnemedia.pl (in Polish). 7 September 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  22. ^ "Krótszy czas oglądania telewizji w 2017 roku. Polsat i TVN liderami (raport)". wirtualnemedia.pl. 3 January 2018.
  23. ^ "Krótszy czas oglądania telewizji w 2016 roku. Polsat wyprzedził TVP1 (raport)". wirtualnemedia.pl. 3 January 2017.
  24. ^ "TVP1 i Polsat liderem rynku telewizyjnego, TVP Info z największym wzrostem w czołówce (top 100 za 2015 rok)". wirtualnemedia.pl. 1 February 2016.
  25. ^ "TVP1 i Polsat liderami rynku w 2014 roku. TVP2 ostro w dół". wirtualnemedia.pl. 5 January 2015.
  26. ^ "TVP1, TVN, Polsat i TVP2 mocno w dół w 2013 r. (top 122)". wirtualnemedia.pl. 2 January 2014.
  27. ^ "Informacja o podstawowych problemach radiofonii i telewizji w 2012 roku" (PDF). KRRiT.gov.pl (in Polish). Krajowa Rada Radiofonii i Telewizji. 19 March 2013.
  28. ^ "Tylko Polsat zyskał w 2011 roku, duży spadek TVP". wirtualnemedia.pl. 3 January 2012.
  29. ^ "Rok 2010: Przed TV 5 minut dłużej". media2.pl. 3 January 2011.
  30. ^ "2005: TVP 1 liderem, TVP 2 zyskała najwięcej - 5,1 mld zł z reklam". wiadomosci.wp.pl. 5 January 2006.
  31. ^ "Tematyczne stacje sportowe w Polsce. Gwiazdy kontra nisze" (PDF). Telekabel & digital TV. July–August 2016. p. 10.
  32. ^ "Bitwa o widzów" (PDF). TV Lider. October 2016. p. 68.
  33. ^ "Polscy piłkarze na Euro 2012: hitem mecz Polska-Rosja (dane minuta po minucie)". wirtualnemedia.pl. 19 June 2012.
  34. ^ "13,6 mln widzów meczu Polska-Kolumbia w TVP1 i TVP Sport". wirtualnemedia.pl. 25 June 2018.
  35. ^ "Polska - Grecja: średnio 13,3 mln widzów. Oglądalność TV minuta po minucie". media2.pl. 11 June 2012.
  36. ^ "13 mln widzów oglądało pogrzeb prezydenta Kaczyńskiego". wirtualnemedia.pl. 20 April 2010.
  37. ^ Pieczko, Andrzej (28 June 2002). "Jak to się zaczęło?". Gazeta Lubuska PL (in Polish). Zielona Gora, Poland. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
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